are strictly insect-pollinated. Night-blooming flowers have little color, but are often very aromatic. Plants with vertebrate pollinators also tend to spread their rewards over longer periods, having long flowering seasons; their specialist pollinators would be likely to starve if the pollination season were too short.

Some flowers have specialized mechanisms to trap pollinators to increase effectiveness, attach pollen to specific body parts (as happens in many orchid and Asclepias