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dimorphic traits, size, sex ratio, and the social situation may all play a role in the effects male-male competition has on the reproductive success of a male and the mate choice of a female. Larger males tend to win male-male conflicts. Males take many risks in such conflicts, so the value of the resource must be large enough to justify those risks. Winner and loser effects further influence male behaviour. Male-male competition may also affect a female's ability to select the best mates, and

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