Notes

The letters ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? are only used in loanwords and do not represent any additional phonemes.

For Kazakh and Kyrgyz, letters in parentheses () indicate a modern borrowed pronunciation from Bashkir or Tatar that is not consistent with historic Kazakh and Kyrgyz treatments of these letters

Influence

Many orthographies, particularly that of Turkic languages, are based on

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