of mushrikun because they fall outside the recognized group of Ahl al-Kitab in traditional Islamic legal schools.

Accusations of have been common in religious polemics within Islam. Thus, in the early Islamic debates on free will and theodicy, Sunni theologians charged their Mutazila adversaries with , accusing them of attributing to man creative powers comparable to those of God in both originating and executing actions. Mu'tazila theologians, in turn, charged the Sunnis