described Navassa as "a unique preserve of Caribbean biodiversity." Aside from a few extinctions, the island's land and offshore ecosystems have mostly survived the 20th century.

National Wildlife Refuge

In September 1999, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service established the Navassa Island National Wildlife Refuge, which encompasses 1344 acre of land and a 12 nautical mile (22.2 km) radius of marine habitat around the island. Later that year, full

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