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are closures.

The following is an example of creating a function to perform an arithmetic calculation:# The function's input parameters are x and y.
# The function, named f, returns a linear combination of x and y.f <- function(x, y) { z <- 3 * x + 4 * y

# An explicit return() statement is optional--it could be replaced with simply `z` in this case. return(z)}

# As an alternative, the last statement executed in a function is returned implicitly.f <- function(x, y) 3 * x + 4 * y

The following is some output from using the function defined above:> f(1, 2) # 3 * 1 + 4 * 2 = 3 + 8[1] 11

> f(c(1, 2, 3), c(5, 3, 4)) # Element-wise calculation[1] 23 18 25

> f(1:3, 4) # Equivalent to f(c(1, 2, 3), c(4, 4, 4))[1] 19 22 25

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