tombs and mortuary cult structures at Abydos, which were used to celebrate the deified king after his death. The strong institution of kingship developed by the kings served to legitimize state control over the land, labor, and resources that were essential to the survival and growth of ancient Egyptian civilization.

Old Kingdom (2686-2181 BC)

Major advances in architecture, art, and technology were made during the Old Kingdom, fueled by the increased

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