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<p>lower than the nominal bandwidth available.</p>

<p><big> Other low-level protocols </big></p>
<p>Dedicated point-to-point links are not the only option for many connections between systems. <a href="page.php?w=Frame_Relay">Frame Relay</a>, <a href="page.php?w=Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode">ATM</a>, and <a href="page.php?w=Multiprotocol_Label_Switching">MPLS</a> based services can also be used. When calculating or estimating data throughputs, the details of the frame/cell/packet format and the technology's detailed implementation need to be understood.</p>

<p><big> Frame relay </big></p><p>
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