view the Yuan's Mongol ethnicity as grounds to resist or reject it. The Hongwu Emperor emphasised that he was not conquering territory from the Yuan dynasty but rather from the rebel warlords. He used this line of argument to attempt to persuade Yuan loyalists to join his cause. The Ming used the tribute they received from former Yuan vassals as proof that the Ming had taken over the Yuan's legitimacy. Tribute missions were regularly celebrated with music and dance in the Ming court.

South-Western frontier

In 1381, the Ming

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