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oxidation states are rare: +3 is found in compounds such as Ge₂Cl₆, and +3 and +1 are found on the surface of oxides, or negative oxidation states in germanides, such as -4 in . Germanium cluster anions (Zintl ions) such as , , , have been prepared by the extraction from alloys containing alkali metals and germanium in liquid ammonia in the presence of ethylenediamine or a cryptand.

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