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binds to LPS, a molecule abundant in gram negative bacteria. This can lead to the processing and secretion of IL-1? and IL-18 cytokines by activating Caspase-1; this downstream effect is the same as described above. It also leads to the secretion of another inflammatory cytokine that is not processed. This is called pro-IL1?. There is also evidence of an inflammatory caspase, caspase-11 aiding cytokine secretion; this is done by inactivating a membrane channel that blocks IL-1? secretion
* Caspases can also induce an inflammatory response

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