as ECN-capable and the router anticipates congestion, it sets the ECN flag, notifying the sender of congestion. The sender should respond by decreasing its transmission bandwidth, e.g., by decreasing its sending rate by reducing the TCP window size or by other means.

The L4S protocol is an enhanced version of ECN that allows senders to collaborate with network devices to control congestion.

TCP window shaping

Congestion avoidance can be achieved efficiently by reducing traffic. When an application

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