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modern era. It was prepared from plant gall and iron(II) sulphate. Alum (potassium aluminum sulfate) was formerly used in leather production (tanning), possibly as early as ancient Egypt. It was certainly known in classical antiquity in Rome and Greece. Alum tanning was widespread in antiquity and the Middle Ages; however, the effect was not permanent, as the alum could be washed out of the leather. Throughout the Middle Ages, alum

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