these maladaptive associations, later affecting cognitive processes used for coping, which are needed to abstain from them successfully.

Evolutionary perspectives

Some scholars have proposed evolutionary explanations for addiction, suggesting that vulnerabilities to substance or behavioural dependence reflect by-products or dysregulated expressions of reward and learning systems that were adaptive in ancestral environments. Classic accounts argue that purified drugs and rapid delivery methods exploit ancient motivational circuitry

1.Previous
3.Next