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as a result of a previous action. This is somewhat similar to the English usage of the preterite and the present perfect.
* Preterite: "Heute früh kam mein Freund." (my friend came early in the morning, and he is being talked about strictly in the past)
* Perfect: "Heute früh ist mein Freund gekommen." (my friend came early in the morning, but he is being talked about in the present)The past perfect is used in every German speaking country and it is used to place an action in the past before another action in the past. It is formed

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