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was frequently used adverbially in place of qui or cum clauses, such as clauses of time, cause, concession, and purpose. That was loosely similar to the use of the present participle in an ablative absolute phrase, but the participle did not need to be in the ablative case.
**Habeo (I have [to]) and Debeo (I must) would be used to express obligation more often than the gerundive.
***Given that obligation inherently carries a sense of futurity ("Carthage must be destroyed" at some point in the future), this

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