Afanasievans with speakers of an early stage of Proto-Samoyedic in South Siberia. Among others, this might explain the merger of all three-stop series (e.g., *k, *g, *gh > *k), which must have led to a huge amount of homonyms, as well as the development of an agglutinative case system.

Chao Ning et al. (2019) found in burials from around 200 BC at the Shirenzigou site