fourth condition--a "no-Gettier-problem" condition--which, when added to the conditions of justification, truth, and belief, will yield a set of separately necessary and jointly sufficient conditions.

Goldman's causal theory

One such response is that of Alvin Goldman (1967), who suggested the addition of a causal condition: a subject's belief is justified, for Goldman, only if the truth of a belief has caused the subject to have that belief (in the appropriate way); and for a justified true

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