then two herbivore populations may compete for the same food. The competition would lead to an eventual removal of one population.

Do all ecosystems have to be either top-down or bottom-up?

An ecosystem does not have to be either top-down or bottom-up. There are occasions where an ecosystem could be bottom-up sometimes, such as a marine ecosystem, but then have periods of top-down control due to fishing.

Survivorship curves

Survivorship curves are graphs that show the distribution of survivors in a population

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