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such as f, g and h. Examples:
** f(x) may be interpreted as "the father of x". In arithmetic, it may stand for "-x". In set theory, it may stand for "the power set of x".
** In arithmetic, g(x,y) may stand for "x+y". In set theory, it may stand for "the union of x and y".
** Function symbols of valence 0 are called constant symbols, and are often denoted by lowercase letters at the beginning of the alphabet such as a, b and c. The symbol a may stand for Socrates.

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