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such as when the state of the body changes from external or internal influences such as physical exertion or elevated arousal states, e.g., riding a roller coaster, watching a scary movie, public speaking anxiety, or having a panic attack. For this reason, cardiac interoception is also sometimes studied by inducing perturbations of bodily state. This can be done pharmacologically using adrenaline-like drugs, such as isoproterenol, which mimic activation of the sympathetic nervous system,

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