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(929-1031); the first taifa kingdoms (1009-1110); the Almoravid Empire (1085-1145); the second taifa period (1140-1203); the Almohad Caliphate (1147-1238); the third taifa period (1232-1287); and ultimately the Nasrid Emirate of Granada (1238-1492). Under the Caliphate of Córdoba, the city of Córdoba became one of the leading cultural and

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