areas") extended 2.8 km from the Golden Milestone in the Forum (Natural History 3.67).

Construction

The full circuit ran for 19 km surrounding an area of 13.7 km2. The walls were constructed in brick-faced concrete, 3.5 m thick and 8 m high, with a square tower every 100 Roman feet 29.6 m.

In the 4th century, remodelling doubled the height of the walls to 16 m. By 500 AD, the circuit possessed 383 towers, 7,020 crenellations, 18 main gates, 5 postern gates,

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