be favorable to observing them. Due to the lack of reproducibility, as of lc=y 2020 most researchers believe that backfire effects either are unlikely to occur on the broader population level, or only occur in very specific circumstances, or do not exist.

For most people, corrections and fact-checking are very unlikely to have a negative effect, and there is no specific group of people in which backfire effects have been consistently observed.

Evidence from experimental psychology

According

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