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by Olah, are characterized by a three-center two-electron delocalized bonding scheme and are essentially synonymous with so-called 'non-classical carbocations', which are carbocations that contain bridging C-C or C-H ?-bonds. However, others have more narrowly defined the term 'carbonium ion' as formally protonated or alkylated alkanes (, where R is H or alkyl), to the exclusion of non-classical carbocations like the 2-norbornyl cation.

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