secretions from the pitcher lid then defecate in the plant's pitchers. In the case of N. Lowii, the pitchers have evolved a toilet like shape to accommodate tree shrews who feed on the sweet, waxy, white substance on the pitcher lid then defecate into the pitchers.

Two species of proto-carnivorous plants in the genus Roridula trap and kill insect prey, then rely on a symbiosis with the insect species Pameridea roridulae, a jumping tree bug in the family Miridae.