alarms are common among the social Hymenoptera. Some of these have been chemically identified, but the number is still small compared with the large number of species making use of them. The ketone octan-3-one is seen as the major component of the pheromone complex secreted from the heads of C. peringueyi.

The sting or venom gland of other ant species has evolved in C. peringueyi into a gland secreting a smelly and irritant fluid, which, together with the ant's painful