stickleback mating behavior and greylag goose egg-retrieval behavior.

Fixed action patterns have been shown to be evolutionarily advantageous, as they increase both fitness and speed. However, as a result of their predictability, they may also be used as a means of exploitation. An example of this exploitation would be brood parasitism.

There are four exceptions to fixed action pattern rules: reduced response threshold, vacuum activity, displacement behavior, and graded response.

Characteristics

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