the sealing problem, but complicated manufacture and maintenance. Particularly when routine maintenance still required frequent head removal for de-coking, on a monobloc engine this required the removal of the pistons from the crankshaft end beneath the engine.

Origins of the term

The terms "junk head" and "junk rings" originate from the design of some steam engines. A steam engine's piston ring must slide within the cylinder and so be made of

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