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observed that the title qatun appeared among the Göktürks as the title for the khagan's wife and was borrowed from Sogdian xwaten "wife of the ruler". Earlier, British orientalist Gerard Clauson (1891-1974) defined xa:tun as "lady and the like" and said there is "no reasonable doubt that it is taken from Sogdian xwt'yn (xwaten)", with "Sogdian

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