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are references to vrttis (enclosed land) in same administrative unit like Osinnakaivartavrtti, Uddhannakaivartavrttivahikala, in the copperplate inscriptions of Mahipala I. Historian Ryosuke Furui suggests this as the probable location of the leader of Samantas who revolted against the Pala regime. In one inscription of Madanapala, Kaivarta was assigned vritti in royal estate along with Buddhist

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