in 1843 and Flagstaff War in 1845) a continuation of the Musket Wars. The increased use of muskets in intertribal warfare led to changes in the design of pa fortifications, which later benefited Maori when engaged in battles with colonial forces during the New Zealand Wars.

Ngapuhi chief Hongi Hika in 1818 used newly acquired muskets to launch devastating raids from his Northland