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The term was first used in the 1950s by intellectuals like Kostas Axelos in France and later by dissident theorists in Eastern Europe, such as the Praxis school in Yugoslavia, before being adopted by a group in Britain that included Werner Bonefeld, Richard Gunn, Kosmas Psychopedis, and John Holloway. Intellectually, Open Marxism draws on a "subterranean tradition" of Marxist thought that includes Rosa Luxemburg,

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