specifically, a clinical trial phase is capitalized both in name and Roman numeral, such as "Phase I" clinical trial.

If the drug successfully passes through Phases I, II, and III, it will usually be approved by the national regulatory authority for use in the general population. Phase IV trials are 'post-marketing' or 'surveillance' studies conducted to monitor safety over several years.

Preclinical studies

Before clinical trials are undertaken for a candidate drug, vaccine, medical

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