developed by many federally-funded projects. The CESSM de-emphasised manual arithmetic in favor of students developing their own conceptual thinking and problem solving. The PSSM presents a more balanced view, but still has the same emphases.

Mathematics instruction in this style has been labeled standards-based mathematics or reform mathematics.

Principles and standards

Mathematics education reform built up momentum in the early 1980s, as educators reacted to the "new math" of the 1960s

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