most attractive designs for vowell signs, refined many aids to reading and also developed the tezînyat (decorations) and numbers. These techniques are still in use in modern calligraphy. The Tughra (monogram) found its "definitive shape" with Sami Efendi during the era of Abdulhamid II.

For many years, he taught at the Topkapi Palace. His students included many calligraphers who went on to have notable careers including: Nazif