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and minicomputers), the software was often bundled together with the hardware by manufacturers and provided for free. A pivotal moment occurred in 1969 when IBM, influenced by antitrust lawsuits, began charging for software and services separately from hardware. This "unbundling" effectively created the modern software industry, turning software into a commercial product. Early deployment processes were highly structured; the Lincoln Labs Phased Model, developed in 1956 for the SAGE air defense system, introduced

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