the British East India Company.

Tipu Sultan implemented centralized revenue administration, replacing intermediary tax farmers with salaried officials. State monopolies were established over sandalwood, pepper, silk, cardamom, and areca nut. Its estimated annual revenue in the 1790s ranged between 20-30 million rupees.

Hyder Ali reorganized the Mysorean army using a hybrid model combining Indo-Persian cavalry traditions with European artillery and infantry drill. French officers were recruited to train artillery units. By the

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