Al-Biruni wrote that the Indians called foreigners impure. A few centuries later, Dubois observes that "Hindus look upon Europeans as barbarians totally ignorant of all principles of honour and good breeding... In the eyes of a Hindu, a Pariah (outcaste) and a European are on the same level."

Russian chauvinism

Sinocentrism

The Chinese also considered Europeans repulsive, ghost-like creatures, and they even considered

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