contemporary Chinese scholars have attempted to apply the concept in the 21st century.

Historical development

The historical consensus is that a tianxia system existed at various points in Chinese history. Historical views differ, however, on exactly when it was in place. According to academic Chenyang Song, in ancient times, tianxia represented a unity of the "supremacy" (maintaining interconnectedness between political entities), "heaven" (directing the fate of the people), and "ancestors" (who bestowed blessings on royal

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