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of China's relations with its neighbors in traditional times. Many describe a system that embodied a collection of institutions, as well as social and diplomatic conventions, that dominated China's contacts with the non-Chinese world for two millennia, until the collapse of the system around the end of the 19th century. Other scholars like Odd Arne Westad see a variety of relationships that differed in character, not an overall "tributary system". They suggest a Sinocentric system, in which Chinese culture

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