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of reducing the current in Q₂ relative to Q₁. The key to this circuit is that the voltage drop across the resistance R₂ subtracts from the base-emitter voltage of transistor Q₂, thereby turning this transistor off compared to transistor Q₁. This observation is expressed by equating the base voltage expressions found on either side of the circuit in Figure 1 as:
: where ?₂ is the beta-value of the output transistor, which is not the same

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