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from 0 to 1 for ordinary surfaces.

The surface of a perfect black body (with an emissivity of 1) emits thermal radiation at the rate of approximately 448 watts per square metre (W/m) at a room temperature of 25 C.

Real objects have emissivities less than 1.0, and emit radiation at correspondingly lower rates.

However, wavelength- and subwavelength-scale particles, metamaterials, and other nanostructures may have an emissivity greater than 1, at least for near-field

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