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In the 17th and 18th centuries, personal notations or typewriting signs were used to signal inequalities. For example, In 1670, John Wallis used a single horizontal bar above rather than below the < and >.Later in 1734, ? and ?, known as "less than (greater-than) over equal to" or "less than (greater than) or equal to with double horizontal bars", first appeared in Pierre Bouguer's work . After that, mathematicians simplified Bouguer's symbol to "less than (greater than) or equal to with one horizontal bar" (<=), or "less than (greater than) or slanted equal to" (?).

The relation not greater than can also be represented by the symbol for "greater than" bisected by a slash, "not". The same is true for not less than,

The notation a != b means that a is not equal to b; this inequation sometimes is considered a form of strict inequality. It does not say that one is greater than the other; it does not even require a and b to be a member of an ordered set.

In engineering sciences, less formal use of the notation is to state that one quantity is "much greater" than another, normally by several orders of magnitude.
* The notation a << b means that a is much less than b.
* The notation a >> b means that a is much greater than b.This implies that the lesser value can be neglected with little effect on the accuracy of an approximation (such as the case of ultrarelativistic limit in physics).

In all of the cases above, any two symbols mirroring each other are symmetrical; a < b and b > a are equivalent, etc.

Properties on the number line

Inequalities are governed by the following properties. All of these properties also hold if all of the non-strict inequalities (<= and >=) are replaced by their corresponding strict inequalities (< and >) and -- in the case of applying a function -- monotonic functions are limited to strictly monotonic functions.

Converse

The relations <= and >= are each other's converse, meaning that for any real numbers a and b:

Transitivity

The transitive property of inequality states that for any real numbers a, b, c:If either of the premises is a strict inequality, then the conclusion is a strict inequality:

Addition and subtraction

A common constant c may be added to or subtracted from both sides of an inequality. So, for any real numbers a, b, c:

In other words, the inequality relation is preserved under addition (or subtraction) and the real numbers are an ordered group under addition.

Multiplication and division

The properties that deal with multiplication and division state that for any real numbers, a, b and non-zero c:

In other words, the inequality relation is preserved under multiplication and division with positive constant, but is reversed when a negative constant is involved. More generally, this applies for an ordered field. For more information, see '.

Additive inverse

The property for the additive inverse states that for any real numbers a and b:

Multiplicative inverse

If both numbers are positive, then the inequality relation between the multiplicative inverses is opposite of that between the original numbers. More specifically, for any non-zero real numbers a and b that are both positive (or both negative):

All of the cases for the signs of a and b can also be written in chained notation, as follows:

Applying a function to both sides

Any monotonically increasing function, by its definition, may be applied to both sides of an inequality without breaking the inequality relation (provided that both expressions are in the domain of that function). However, applying a monotonically decreasing function to both sides of an inequality means the inequality relation would be reversed. The rules for the additive inverse, and the multiplicative inverse for positive numbers, are both examples of applying a monotonically decreasing function.

If the inequality is strict (a < b, a > b) and the function is strictly monotonic, then the inequality remains strict. If only one of these conditions is strict, then the resultant inequality is non-strict. In fact, the rules for additive and multiplicative inverses are both examples of applying a strictly monotonically decreasing function.

A few examples of this rule are:
* Raising both sides of an inequality to a power n > 0 (equiv., -n < 0), when a and b are positive real numbers:
* Taking the natural logarithm on both sides of an inequality, when a and b are positive real numbers: (this is true because the natural logarithm is a strictly increasing function.)

Formal definitions and generalizations

A (non-strict) partial order is a binary relation <= over a set P which is reflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive. That is, for all a, b, and c in P, it must satisfy the three following clauses:

* a <= a (reflexivity)
* if a <= b and b <= a, then a = b (antisymmetry)
* if a <= b and b <= c, then a <= c (transitivity)

A set with a partial order is called a partially ordered set. Those are the very basic axioms that every kind of order has to satisfy.

A strict partial order is a relation < that satisfies
* a !< a (irreflexivity),
* if a < b, then b !< a (asymmetry),
* if a < b and b < c, then a < c (transitivity),where means that does not hold.

Some types of partial orders are specified by adding further axioms, such as:

* Total order: For every a and b in P, a <= b or b <= a .
* Dense order: For all a and b in P for which a < b, there is a c in P such that a < c < b.
* Least-upper-bound property: Every non-empty subset of P with an upper bound has a ''least'' upper bound (supremum) in P.

Ordered fields

If (F, +, ×) is a field and <= is a total order on F, then (F, +, ×, <=) is called an ordered field if and only if:
* a <= b implies a + c <= b + c;
* 0 <= a and 0 <= b implies 0 <= a × b.

Both and are ordered fields, but cannot be defined in order to make an ordered field, because -1 is the square of i and would therefore be positive.

Besides being an ordered field, R also has the Least-upper-bound property. In fact, R can be defined as the only ordered field with that quality.

Chained notation

The notation a < b < c stands for "a < b and b < c", from which, by the transitivity property above, it also follows that a < c. By the above laws, one can add or subtract the same number to all three terms, or multiply or divide all three terms by same nonzero number and reverse all inequalities if that number is negative. Hence, for example, a < b + e < c is equivalent to a - e < b < c - e.