the s-electrons of the valence shell. As a result, the inert pair of ns electrons remains more tightly held by the nucleus and hence participates less in bond formation.

Description

Consider as an example thallium (Tl) in group 13. The +1 oxidation state of Tl is the most stable, while Tl³⁺ compounds are comparatively rare. The stability of the +1 oxidation state increases in the following sequence:
:Al⁺ < Ga^{+ < In^{+ < Tl^+.}}

The

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