schizoaffective disorders, and persistent persecutory states of older adults. Recently, mental health professionals have also been classifying paraphrenia as very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis.

In the Russian psychiatric manuals, paraphrenia is the last stage of development of paranoid schizophrenia. "Systematized paraphrenia" (with systematized delusions, or delusions with complex logical structure) and "expansive-paranoid paraphrenia" (with expansive/grandiose delusions