espoused a continuing clash of Catholicism with certain other institutions and more 'modern' ideas and parts of society seen as problematic, as had been seen since at least the Councils of Trent and Vatican I (this was especially true for the experts close to the major grouping of traditionalists for Vatican II, Coetus Internationalis Patrum (Group of International Fathers)).

A leading reform-minded peritus, Fr (later Cardinal) Yves Congar