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as they lack the above property 1:

The following C++ functions are impure as they lack the above property 2:

The following C++ functions are impure as they lack both the above properties 1 and 2:

I/O in pure functions

I/O is inherently impure: input operations undermine referential transparency, and output operations create side effects. Nevertheless, there is a sense in which a function can perform input or output and still be pure, if the sequence of operations

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