and environments facilitates effective socialization. Dogs that are well socialized early in life are generally less likely to develop aggression or fear-related behaviours.

The cognitional development of puppies can be affected when the critical period of socialization is disrupted. Physiological consequences of this period not occurring can lead to puppies maturing to adults who are not able to react appropriately to new environments, situations or people. Inadequate socialization during early development may contribute to behavioural