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<p>and are of particular interest in the field of <a href="page.php?w=quantum_computing">quantum computing</a>, such as <a href="page.php?w=Atomtronics">atomtronics computation.</a></p>

<p><big>History</big></p>
<p>Spintronics emerged from discoveries in the 1980s concerning spin-dependent electron transport phenomena in solid-state devices. This includes the observation of <a href="page.php?w=Spin_polarization">spin-polarized</a> electron injection from a ferromagnetic metal to a normal metal by Johnson and Silsbee (1985) and the discovery of <a href="page.php?w=giant_magnetoresistance">giant magnetoresistance</a></p><p>
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